![]() Briefly, it is the geometric mean of 0 to 1 indices of total fertility rate under the age of 25 (TFU25), mean education for those aged 15 and older (EDU15+), and lag-distributed income (LDI) per capita.Ī comorbidity correction involving a micro-simulation performed for each age-sex-location-year, was used to calculate the comorbidity-adjusted YLDs at the final stage. The SDI was originally constructed in GBD 2015 it is a composite indicator of development status correlated with health outcomes. YLD sequela = Prevalence sequela × DW sequela ( 17). The unadjusted YLDs of each sequela were calculated using the formula: In this paper, we have only used the term YLDs. There is no mortality from LBP, therefore, the YLDs and DALYs (Disability-adjusted life years) values are the same. The DWs used in GBD 2017 have been described previously ( 18), and also included data from the European Disability Weights Measurement Study that took place in Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden.Ī total of six sequelae were used to represent the different levels of LBP severity: (I) most severe BP with leg pain (DW: 0.384, 95% CI: 0.256–0.518) (II) most severe BP without leg pain (DW: 0.372, 95% CI: 0.250–0.506) (III) severe BP with leg pain (DW: 0.325, 95% CI: 0.219–0.446) (IV) severe BP without leg pain (DW: 0.272, 95% CI: 0.182–0.373) (V) moderate BP with/without leg pain (DW: 0.054, 95% CI: 0.035–0.079) and (VI) mild BP with/without leg pain (DW: 0.020, 95% CI: 0.011–0.035). The DWs used in GBD 2010 were based on face to face surveys conducted in five countries as well as an internet survey ( 10). DWs were measured on a scale from zero to one, with zero representing a state of full health, and one representing a state equivalent to death. LBP was defined as pain that lasts for at least one day (with/without pain referred into one or both lower limbs) in the area on the posterior aspect of the body from the lower margin of the 12 th ribs to the lower gluteal folds ( 10, 16, 17).ĭWs represent the magnitude of health loss associated with BP. ![]() The detailed methods of the systematic analysis for GBD 2017 by the IHME (Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation) have been published elsewhere ( 6). ![]() Results were stratified by five-year age groups from birth up to 95+. DisMod-MR 2.1 was used in GBD 20, and enables estimates down to the sub-national level. This was updated to DisMod-MR 2.0 in GBD 2013, which increased the computational speed allowing consistent computations between all disease parameters at the country level. In GBD 2010, DisMod-MR 1.0 was used to pool all data by world region. In brief, Bayesian meta-regressions by DisMod-MR 2.1 were used to synthesize sparse and heterogeneous, epidemiological data to estimate the point prevalence and YLD outcomes. In addition, USA claims data for 2000, 2010, 2012, and 2014 by state, and Taiwan claims data from 2016 were included. The electronic databases of Ovid Medline, EMBase, and CINAHL were searched and eight studies were included. Literature review for LBP was conducted in October 2017. The GBD 2017 data were derived from the GBD repository of population health data, including World Health Surveys and National Health Surveys, literature reviews, and claims data. ![]() All of the data analysed and presented in this article were obtained from the updated GBD 2017 (the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study) ( ). ![]()
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